Category: Earth Science Education
Note: This blog post was updated January 24, 2022, with new images, exemplar answers, explanations of items, and links to new teacher resource materials, including two High-Adventure Science modules that offer automated scoring for selected argumentation items. One of the questions unique to the High-Adventure Science project is what we call the explanation-certainty item set. […]
What was Earth like 2.8 billion years ago? The first life was emerging on the planet. The Sun was weaker than it is today, but geologic evidence shows that the climate was as warm (or warmer) than it is today. Was Earth colder because of the weak Sun, or warmer, as geologic evidence suggests? How […]
About 33 million years ago, the Earth abruptly went from being warm and wet to having Antarctic ice cover. Only 23 million years after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, a time of some of the warmest temperatures on Earth, ice covered the surface. What happened? According to a recent study by scientists at Yale and Purdue universities, […]
New groundwater and soil moisture drought indicator maps produced by NASA are available on the National Drought Mitigation Center’s website. They currently show unusually low groundwater storage levels in Texas. The maps use an 11-division scale, with blues showing wetter-than-normal conditions and a yellow-to-red spectrum showing drier-than-normal conditions. (Credit: NASA/National Drought Mitigation Center) The map […]
A team of astronomers led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology have found 18 planets orbiting stars more massive than our Sun. Finding planets is becoming more and more routine with the Kepler telescope, but these planetary discoveries help to answer questions about planetary formation–and raise other questions about planetary orbits. The scientists […]
What caused the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)? About 56 million years ago, Earth’s temperature was a lot warmer than it is today–as much as 21°F higher than today (see the graph). Earth’s temperature is rising today, likely because of human emissions of greenhouse gases. But 56 million years ago, there were no human emissions; there […]
In science, less isn’t more; more is more. That basic premise is supported by a recent report from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Separating signal and noise in climate warming. Earth’s overall temperature is affected by natural processes, such as La Niña and El Niño, as well as by human factors. From 1999 to 2008, Earth’s […]
That’s the title of an editorial by Daniel Botkin, president of the Center for the Study of the Environment and professor emeritus at the University of California, in today’s Wall Street Journal. With the ongoing polarization of science in today’s political environment, it’s more important than ever to remember that science is filled with uncertainty. […]
NASA technology is being used to find fossil aquifers underneath Earth’s driest deserts. This technology was developed to explore underneath the surface of Mars, to help determine if there might be water on the red planet. Water is a sign that life might be possible. Why are they using this technology on Earth? We know […]
As plants grow, they transpire, releasing water into the atmosphere. During the summer in a city, trees help to cool the immediate surroundings through transpiration. New research from Carnegie’s Global Ecology department, published last month in Environmental Research Letters, concludes that transpiration has a global effect as well. How does this happen? Water vapor is […]